置换群与Póyla定理

orz hhw posted @ 2015年6月08日 00:32 in 算法学习 with tags 数论 算法学习 置换 bzoj , 4850 阅读

一直想研究一下可爱的置换,但是蒟蒻数学水平极低,意志力极差,当看到这些复杂的定义时,就失去了看下去的勇气

 

有一天翻论文的时候看到了cenbo对置换的初步研究,看到了研究置换的一丝希望

但是由于蒟蒻水平实在太低,还是没有搞懂置换究竟是什么东西,更别提Póyla定理了

今天想到家里还放了一本黑书,上面对置换的研究似乎没看过,于是翻开来看看,竟然一下子就把置换搞懂了,顺便学了下Burnside引理和Póyla定理

可爱的置换

n个元素1,2,…,n的一个置换为,其中a1,a2……,an互不相同且为1-n中一个整数

表示1被a1取代,2被a2取代,……,n被an取代

然后可爱的置换之间可以连接运算,如:

然后置换又是可以循环的,如

置换的循环节数就是循环的个数,如的节数是2

置换的应用

BZOJ1119:对于一个1-N的排列(ai),每次你可以交换两个数ax与ay(x<>y),代价为W(ax)+W(ay) 若干次交换的代价为每次交换的代价之和。请问将(ai)变为(bi)所需的最小代价(ai<>bi)是多少

如:n=6,a={1,4,5,3,6,2},b={5,3,2,4,6,1},则可以分解为三个循环(1,5,2)(4,3)(6)的乘积,每个循环相互独立

对一个循环i,其长度为ki,因为ai<>bi,所以每个至少交换ki-1次。

一个较好的方法是让循环中代价最小的元素ti参与所有的交换,其他元素各只参加一次,总代价为sumi+(ki-2)ti,sumi为循环i中所有数的和

还有一个方法,让所有数中代价最小的元素min和ti交换,让min进入循环和ki-1个元素交换,最后再把min和ti交换,这样的代价是suni+ti+(ki+1)min

#include<cstdio>
#include<algorithm>
#define N 1001000
#define inf 1e9
using namespace std;typedef long long LL;LL sum,ans;
int n,i,p,top,sz,miv,now,a[N],b[N],c[N],w[N],num[N];bool v[N];
int main(){
	scanf("%d",&n);miv=inf;
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++)scanf("%d",&w[i]),miv=min(miv,w[i]);
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++)scanf("%d",&a[i]);
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++)scanf("%d",&b[i]),num[b[i]]=i;
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++)a[i]=num[a[i]],c[num[i]]=w[i];
	for(i=1;i<=n;i++)if(!v[i]){
		for(now=inf,sum=0,v[p=i]=sz=1;!v[a[p]];v[p=a[p]]=1)sz++,sum+=(LL)c[p],now=min(now,c[p]);
		sum+=(LL)c[p],now=min(now,c[p]);
		ans+=min(sum+(LL)(sz-2)*now,sum+(LL)now+(LL)miv*(sz+1));
	}
	printf("%lld",ans);
}

Burnside引理

现在有n*n个小置换站在n*n的方格上,但是分不出他们的性别,问有多少种不同的性别排列方案(经过顺时针旋转性别排列相同的方案,记为一种方案)

当n=2时,很明显有6种本质不同的方案

对于四个格子1,2,3,4,有四种置换(扭脖方法)

不扭脖子:        顺时针扭一下:

顺时针扭两下:      逆时针扭一下:

记C(f)为在置换f下保持不变的着色方案个数,那么可以证明:“本质不同的着色方案数为所有置换f的C(f)值得平均数。

置换 含义   C(f)(该置换下不变的方案数)
f1 不扭脖子   16
f2 顺时针扭一下   2
f3 顺时针扭两下   4
f4 逆时针扭一下  

2

而所有C (f)的平均数为(16+2+4+2)/4=6,和手算结果一致

而这样直接计算复杂度是O(nsp)的,n为着色方案个数,s为置换个数,p为格子数,下面可以用Póyla定理优化

Póyla定理

用m(f)表示置换f的循环节数,如的节数是2

定理:如果用k种颜色给有限集S着色,那么对于一个置换(f),在该置换下不变的置换方案数C(f)=km(f)

 

置换 含义 循环分解式 m(f)(f的循环节)
f1 不扭脖子 (1)(2)(3)(4) 4
f2 顺时针扭一下 (1 2 3 4) 1
f3 顺时针扭两下 (1 3)(2 4) 2
f4 逆时针扭一下 (1 4 3 2)

1

因此不同的方案数为(24+21+22+21)/4=6,直接把该定理带入Burnside引理,可得Póyla定理

用Poyla定理可以在O(ps)的复杂度下解决着色方案记数问题

BZOJ1004

利用Burnside引理,可知本质不同的染色方案数是对于每种置换不变元素个数的平均值。

题中有m种洗牌方案加上初始状态共m+1个置换,只需对每个置换求出对于该置换不变元素的个数即可

对于每个置换中的循环,他们肯定是一个元素,设x表示在第x个循环,i,j,k表示红色、蓝色、绿色的剩余数量,du[x]表示第x个循环长度

于是可以得DP方程:dp[x][i][j][k]=dp[x-1][i-du[x]][j][k]+dp[x-1][i][j-du[x]][k]+dp[x-1][i][j][k-du[x]]

就是一个三维背包,[x]这一维可以不开,不过背包好像不太会写了呢、、

最后要求(a/b)%p,因为p为质数,所以gcd(b,p)=1,利用扩展欧几里得求出b*x%p=1的x,答案即为a*x%p

#include<cstdio>
#include<cstring>
using namespace std;
int s1,s2,s3,m,p,n,i,j,top,ans,x,y,MOD,d[66],a[66][66],f[22][22][22];
bool vis[66];
void exgcd(int a,int b,int &x,int &y){
	if(!b){x=1;y=0;return;}
	exgcd(b,a%b,x,y);
	int t=x;x=y;y=t-a/b*y;
}
int dp(int x){
	top=0;memset(vis,0,sizeof(vis));memset(f,0,sizeof(f));
	for(int i=1;i<=n;i++)if(!vis[i]){
		vis[p=i]=1;d[++top]=1;
		while(!vis[a[x][p]]){
			d[top]++;
			p=a[x][p];
			vis[p]=1;
		}
	}
	f[0][0][0]=1;
	for(int x=1;x<=top;x++)
		for(int i=s1;i>=0;i--)
			for(int j=s2;j>=0;j--)
				for(int k=s3;k>=0;k--){
					if(i>=d[x])f[i][j][k]=(f[i][j][k]+f[i-d[x]][j][k])%MOD;
					if(j>=d[x])f[i][j][k]=(f[i][j][k]+f[i][j-d[x]][k])%MOD;
					if(k>=d[x])f[i][j][k]=(f[i][j][k]+f[i][j][k-d[x]])%MOD;
				}
	return f[s1][s2][s3];
}
int main(){
	scanf("%d%d%d%d%d",&s1,&s2,&s3,&m,&MOD);
	n=s1+s2+s3;
	for(i=1;i<=m;i++)for(j=1;j<=n;j++)scanf("%d",&a[i][j]);
	m++;for(i=1;i<=n;i++)a[m][i]=i;
	for(i=1;i<=m;i++)ans=(ans+dp(i))%MOD;
	exgcd(m,MOD,x,y);
	while(x<0)x+=MOD;
	printf("%d",ans*x%MOD);
}
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